Togo Tanaka, reporter on Japanese internees
LOS ANGELES - Togo W. Tanaka, a former journalist and businessman whose reports on life inside the Manzanar internment camp illuminated divisions in the Japanese-American community after the attack on Pearl Harbor and the tensions that eventually erupted in riots at the World War II-era detention center, has died. He was 93.
Mr. Tanaka died of natural causes May 21 at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center.
As editor of the English-language section of the bilingual newspaper Rafu Shimpo, Mr. Tanaka helped oversee the last issue in the spring of 1942 before 110,000 Japanese-Americans on the West Coast were rounded up under President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066 and forced to relocate to detention centers scattered across several states. Mr. Tanaka was sent to Manzanar, in California at the foot of the Sierra Nevada.
Because of his journalism background, Mr. Tanaka worked as a camp historian, documenting the internee experience for the War Relocation Authority. He also wrote reports for a University of California at Berkeley study on the evacuation and resettlement of Japanese Americans.
“He left hundreds of rich daily accounts of everyday life’’ at Manzanar, said University of Southern California professor Lon Kurashige, a specialist on Japanese-American history and identity. “These reports . . . are a rare and intelligent window into not just Manzanar but Japanese-American life in prewar Los Angeles.’’
His diligent reporting on every aspect of camp life, including the political factions dividing Manzanar’s population, “got him into a lot of trouble,’’ said Arthur Hansen, a Manzanar scholar and emeritus professor of history and Asian-American studies at California State University at Fullerton. So did his unflinching support of the United States. Mr. Tanaka advocated cooperation with the government that had branded lawful Japanese-Americans as security threats and forced them to give up their homes and livelihoods for confinement behind barbed wire.
“What we didn’t realize at the time was that we would soon be identified as informers, spies, and dogs, people who were abusing or invading the privacy of the evacuees,’’ Mr. Tanaka said decades later of himself and another camp historian. Stripped of his liberty by the US government and hated by many of his fellow Japanese-Americans, he was “truly in a no-man’s land,’’ said his son, Wesley.
Born in Portland, Ore., Mr. Tanaka grew up in Los Angeles, where his immigrant parents ran a small vegetable store.
In his senior year at the University of California at Los Angeles he was hired by the Rafu Shimpo, the leading Japanese-American daily in Southern California, to edit its English-language section. He wrote editorials urging Nisei - the first generation of American-born Japanese - to be loyal citizens.
As US relations with Japan deteriorated, Rafu Shimpo’s publisher sent Mr. Tanaka to Washington, D.C., to seek assurances that the newspaper would be allowed to continue publishing when war came. His request landed him in an interrogation room of the War Department, where officers insinuated that his patriotism was a sham.
The day after Pearl Harbor was bombed on Dec. 7, 1941, FBI agents arrested scores of Japanese immigrants considered “enemy aliens.’’ Mr. Tanaka was one of the few American-born Japanese rounded up in the sweep. He was held for 11 days without explanation and was not permitted to contact anyone, including his wife, Jean, who was expecting their first child.
He was released on the 12th day without having been charged with any crime. Four months later, on April 23, 1942, he and his family were evacuated to Manzanar, which would be occupied by 10,000 people of Japanese descent, most of whom were American citizens from Los Angeles County. He described Manzanar as an “outdoor jail,’’ where internees lived in rough-hewn barracks filled with dust blown in by windstorms and got sick eating improperly prepared food.
Many of the reports he filed at Manzanar were critical of camp administrators and the policy that led to internment. “I cannot see how it is possible for any human being of normal impulses to be cooped up within limited confines of barbed wires, watchtowers, and all the atmosphere of internment and not be touched by the bitterness and disillusionment all around him,’’ he wrote.
On the eve of the first anniversary of the Pearl Harbor invasion, unrest swept Manzanar. The targets were people such as Mr. Tanaka who favored cooperation with camp authorities and the government. Led by pro-Japan internees, an angry mob stormed Mr. Tanaka’s barracks but found only his wife and infant daughter. Warned of their approach, Mr. Tanaka had disguised himself and hid in the crowd, with a knife under his coat to defend himself and his family.
Two protesters died in the rioting, but Mr. Tanaka and his family were saved. Camp officials removed him and a few dozen others who had been branded as collaborators to another camp in Death Valley. In 1943, he moved to Chicago and spent the remainder of the war years as a volunteer for the Quakers.
Having suffered enough traumas because of his former profession, Mr. Tanaka did not return to journalism. He headed the editorial department of a Chicago textbook publisher and helped start a company that published Scene magazine, which covered Asian affairs.
