Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers

Average salary: $84,100 (geoscientists); $90,040 (oceanographers)

Demand: Good. As the need to deal with effects of climate change and dwindling energy resources becomes more critical, these scientists are in demand to study the state of water, earth, and undersea life. New technologies enable more advanced research undersea and retirements increase opportunities.

Qualifications: Graduate degrees for research; bachelor's for entry level; ability to travel, second language important in some fields.