‘‘Republicans have to start understanding that small business and entrepreneurs are important, but the people who work for them are also important,’’ said Rep. Charles Bass, R-N.H., who lost his seat to Democrat Ann Kuster. ‘‘We've got to be compassionate conservatives.’’

Party leaders also said the GOP needs to change how it communicates its message. Obama’s campaign, they said, was particularly effective at talking directly to voters, and building relationships over long periods of time, whereas the GOP was more focused on top-down communication such as TV ads and direct mail.

‘‘There are whole sections of the American public that we didn’t even engage with,’’ Gingrich said.

Others pointed to the pressing need to recruit candidates who know how to stick to a carefully honed message, especially in a Twitter-driven era. Among their case studies: Senate candidates Richard Mourdock in Indiana and Todd Akin in Missouri, who both discussed rape and pregnancy during the campaign, to the chagrin of party leaders looking to narrow the Democrats’ advantage among women.

‘‘We need candidates who are capable of articulating their policy positions without alienating massive voting blocs,’’ said Kevin McLaughlin, a Republican operative who worked on several Senate races for the National Republican Senatorial Committee.

Many Republicans say the party doesn’t have a choice but to change — and quickly.

Said Kaufmann: ‘‘In this business, either you learn and grow or you die.’’

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