Patrick’s blueprints would also eliminate 45 personal tax deductions worth $1.3 billion annually, including deductions for T passes, college scholarships, and dependents under 12.

The new elements follow Patrick’s announcement Wednesday of what is the core of his tax plan: raising the ­income tax from 5.25 percent to 6.25 percent while cutting the sales tax from 6.25 percent to 4.5 percent. The changes, if approved, would take effect in 2014 and would result in higher taxes for about 50 percent of residents, with the biggest burden on higher-income earners.

The new elements help bring into focus the sweeping ambition of Patrick’s final two-year agenda.

But the plan carries some risk for the governor. While it could cement his legacy, it could also anger voters and ­reignite the once-powerful anti­tax movement in Massachusetts.

All told, Patrick’s changes, which also call for the elimination of some corporate tax benefits, would raise taxes by $1.9 billion annually, money the governor wants to use to shore up and expand transportation systems and broaden education programs.

“If we want jobs, we have to invest,” Patrick said in an interview Thursday, after promoting the plan on television and radio and in visits with business ­executives and lawmakers. “We are trying to think of a way to accomplish that that really moves the needle.”

The governor’s proposal to tie the gas tax to inflation would add a half-penny to the state’s $.21-per-gallon levy, starting next year, and would trigger automatic increases in the future, as the cost of goods and services rise.

Patrick’s plan also depends on increasing MBTA fares, as well as turnpike, tunnel and bridge tolls, by 5 percent every two years, beginning in July 2014. Registry fees would jump by 10 percent every five years, beginning in July 2015.

Administration aides ­argued the periodic increases are needed because, over time, inflation erodes the value of fares, tolls and fees. “We’re just trying to keep their purchasing power constant,” said Glen Shor, the governor’s new ­budget chief.

Such regular hikes have been previously recommended by transportation policy specialists. But pushing for them now, along with the other tax changes Patrick is seeking, could strike commuters as a double whammy.

“I’ve been one who’s written a lot about the need for new revenue for transportation,” said Charles D. Chieppo, a former budget aide in the Romney administration. “Yet as much as I believe that, what the governor has proposed is so extravagant in my view it runs the risk of . . . inspiring a backlash.”

Shor countered that even though Patrick’s plan represents an overall tax increase, roughly half of taxpayers would see either a cut or no change in their taxes.

That is because Patrick is seeking to double the amount of earnings that are exempt from income taxes, going from the current $4,400 for a single person to $8,800. That means workers who earn $50,000 a year would pay income taxes on $41,200 of their income, exempt­ing a larger share of their paychecks from taxation than workers who earn, say, $150,000 a year.

The goal, Shor said, is to push more tax burden onto higher-income earners and reduce it for those earning less.

“You increase the fairness of the tax system overall,” said ­Noah Berger, executive director of the Massachusetts Budget and Policy Center, a liberal ­research group.

But Jim Stergios — executive director of the Pioneer ­Institute, a conservative think tank — said Patrick’s plans would hit many middle-class taxpayers, who are facing stagnant household income and rising federal payroll taxes. Indi­viduals who make more than $50,000 a year and families who make over $60,000 a year would all see a tax hike ­under Patrick’s plan.

“That’s not the 1 percent,” Stergios said.

Patrick aides argued, however, that the increases are relatively small for the middle class. For example, a family of four earning $60,000 would pay $91 in additional taxes each year, while a family earning $160,000 would pay $957 more.