France eyes headscarf ban
School plan bars religious symbols
PARIS -- A presidential commission backed a ban on Islamic headscarves in public schools yesterday, stepping into the wrenching debate over how to preserve the country's secular identity while integrating France's Muslim population, the largest in Western Europe.
If it becomes law, the measure would also bar other conspicuous religious symbols, including Jewish skullcaps and large Christian crosses. The commission spent six months studying the issue and held 120 hearings, collecting testimony from experts across Europe.
President Jacques Chirac, who has made clear his opposition to headscarves in the classroom, is expected to announce in an address to the nation on Wednesday whether he supports enacting the panel's recommendations.
For nearly 15 years, France has debated the issue, but it has taken on new life during the past two years with the expulsion of dozens of girls from school for refusing to remove their scarves.
Bernard Stasi, who headed the commission, said the proposed law was aimed at keeping France's strict secular underpinnings intact and at countering "forces that are trying to destabilize the country," a reference to Islamic fundamentalists.
Stasi said the commission was not discriminating against the Muslim community but sought to give all religions more equal footing.
The panel recommended a ban from classrooms of all "obvious" political and religious symbols. More discreet symbols, such as small crosses, would be acceptable, it said.
France covets its secularism -- won nearly a century ago after a long battle with the Roman Catholic Church -- and fears that this constitutionally guaranteed principle is being undermined by some communities, particularly Muslims.
A more basic fear is that the headscarf reflects the rise of militant Islam in France.
One panel member, researcher Jacqueline Costa-Lascoux, cited a Moroccan girl whose father was paid $600 a trimester to ensure that his daughter wore a headscarf to school.
Muslims represent about 7 percent of France's 60 million people, while the country's Jewish community is about 1 percent of the population, also Western Europe's largest.
Until now, the only policy on headscarves in schools comes from The Council of State, France's highest administrative body, which has said they can be banned if they are of an "ostentatious character," a judgment left to each school.
Headscarves are already forbidden for people working in the public sector, but that rule -- which is not a law -- is occasionally broken. A Muslim employee of the city of Paris was recently suspended for refusing to take off her scarf or shake men's hands.
The Muslim headscarf is only one aspect of the conflict between religion and the secular culture, the panel found. Without naming a particular religion, the report cited examples of male students refusing to take oral exams from female teachers or men refusing to allow their wives to be treated by male doctors.
Such behavior is often the work of "organized groups testing the resistance of the Republic," the report said.
There also has been an alarming rise in anti-Semitic attacks, and teaching about the Holocaust "becomes impossible" in some classrooms, it added.
The report did offer some concessions to religion, proposing the addition of one Jewish and one Muslim holiday to the school calendar and creating a national institute to study Islam.
Religious leaders of all stripes reacted cautiously.
The Conference of Bishops of France said it would reserve judgment until Chirac announces his conclusions.
The Protestant Federation of France said the report "seems acceptable" because the scope of the report enables "the principles of secularism in 21st century France to be clarified."
In a letter earlier this week to Chirac, the Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox churches said the nation needs to do a better job of integrating Muslims into French society, and a no-headscarf law would not achieve that goal.
Moise Cohen, president of the Consistoire of Paris, which directs religious Jewish life, said yesterday he opposes a headscarf law because it could be viewed by Muslims as discriminatory and "exacerbate emotions."
The French Council for the Muslim Faith, an umbrella group representing France's Muslims, appeared to reject the commission's report, although in mild terms. The council said it agreed with the positions of the Jewish and Christian religious leaders opposing the ban.
On a state visit last week to Tunisia, President Chirac told a group of high school students that wearing a veil in France was seen as "a sort of aggression."
