Summit on deforestation opening in Oslo

The contributions give a boost to talks starting today on creating a single international agency for monitoring and financing efforts to help poor nations protect their forests and biological diversity.

The program — called REDD Plus, for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation — was one of the few plans agreed on during the disappointing climate talks in December in Copenhagen.

Germany’s pledge of $500 million brings REDD Plus funding to $4 billion, with France, Norway, and four other countries having previously committed $3.5 billion, Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg said. Today’s conference is meant to work out the final details of the program.

Norway also said it would give an additional $1 billion to help Indonesia fight deforestation there. Because of deforestation from logging, crop-growing, and cattle grazing, Indonesia and Brazil have become the world’s third- and fourth-largest carbon emitters, after China and the United States.

While Norway’s pledge to Indonesia is not part of the REDD Plus program, it will probably encourage delegates to move the program forward at today’s conference, said Mark Tercek, the head of US conservation group the Nature Conservancy who was also attending the Oslo conference.

There is no official target for REDD Plus funding, but Environment Minister Carlos Minc of Brazil said at a March meeting on REDD that he hoped the Oslo conference would generate $6 billion.

Deforestation — the burning of woodlands or the rotting of felled trees — is thought to account for up to 20 percent of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere — as much as that emitted by all the world’s cars, trucks, trains, planes, and ships combined.

There are many funding programs in the works, and individual countries also have their own plans to fight deforestation and educate local populations who live off forests — estimated at more than 1 billion worldwide — to do so in a sustainable way.

In many cases, this entails retraining people whose livelihoods are linked to the forest or its destruction.

Stoltenberg said Norway’s agreement with Indonesia will help finance an independent system of monitoring and quantifying greenhouse gas emissions tied to deforestation.

The system will allow Norway to pay Indonesia a fixed sum per ton of CO{-2} emissions reduced because of rain forest preservation, he said, adding that the pay-per-result system encourages accountability.

Norway has had a similar agreement with Brazil since the mid-1990s, and said it planned to work with Mexico also to protect forests in developing countries.

Meanwhile, European governments are looking at other ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions, though a crisis of confidence over the euro and soaring debts has led the European Union to hold off on demanding major action from EU governments.

The economic slowdown has meant, however, that cutting emissions is now possible at a lower cost than estimated two years ago, the European Commission said Wednesday.

The EU pledged in 2008 to reduce its emissions by 20 percent from 1990 levels — and by 30 percent if the United States and others did so, too. At the time, that 20-percent cut had been forecast to cost $86 billion a year by 2020.

Today it would cost $58.55 billion a year, as the recession has cut demand and triggered more energy savings, said Connie Hedegaard, the EU commissioner for climate matters. A 30-percent cut would cost an annual $98.81 billion by 2020 — or $13.41 billion more a year, she said.

But she said now was not the time to push the 27 EU governments into more climate change spending, with low growth prospects and rocketing debt in many EU nations causing stocks to slide and the euro to fall to a four-year low.

“Whether to increase our reduction target for 2020 from 20 percent to 30 percent is a political decision for the EU leaders,’’ Hedegaard said. “The decision is not for now, but I hope our analysis will inspire the debate.’’

There are several procedural meetings scheduled before the next major U.N. climate conference in December in Cancun, Mexico, where negotiators will work toward deciding how to cut emissions globally and provide aid to help poor nations cope with the affects of climate change.

Greenpeace urged EU governments yesterday to quickly move to deeper emission cuts, saying Hedegaard’s findings debunk industry claims that ambitious targets cut jobs and output.

“This should be a first step toward at least 40 percent emission cuts for all industrialized countries under a global climate agreement,’’ the international environmental group said in a statement.